آموزش زبان تافل مدیریت

Mind and Body

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LESSON 9

Memory

Target Words

1. acquisition 6. indisputable
2. anomaly 7. intervene
3. consciously 8. intuitively
4. degrade 9. recede
5. gap 10. retrieve

Definitions and Samples

1. acquisition n. The act of taking possession of something

Our recent acquisition of over 2,000 books makes ours the biggest library in the region.

Usage tips Acquisition is often followed by of.

Parts of speech acquire v

1. anomaly n. Something unusual

White tigers get their beautiful coloring from a genetic anomaly.

1. consciously adv. With awareness of one’s actions

He may have hurt her feelings, but he never would have done so

consciously.

Parts of speech consciousness n, conscious adj

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1. degrade v. To reduce in value or strength

The roads in cold or wet areas of the United States degrade faster than those in warm, sunny regions.

Parts of speech degradation n, degradable adj

1. gap n. Opening; a big difference in amount or quality

The small gap between the walls in the old house caused cold drafts to come in.

1. indisputable adj. Beyond doubt; unquestionable

The members of the jury found her guilty because they found the facts of the case indisputable.

Parts of speech indisputably adv

1. intervene v. To come between

A good mediator intervenes only as much as necessary to settle a dispute between other parties.

Parts of speech intervention n

1. intuitively adv. By means of a natural sense about things that are hard to observe

Many mothers know intuitively when something is wrong with their children.

Parts of speech intuition n, intuitive adj

1. recede v. To move back or away from

After the age of 30, his hairline began to recede further back from his forehead.

Parts of speech recession n, recessive adj

1. retrieve v. To bring or get back

Most dogs can be trained to retrieve objects that their owners have thrown.

Parts of speech retriever n, retrievable adj

Memory 45

TOEFL Prep I Find the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the opposite of each word in the left-hand column. Write the let- ter in the blank.

1. degrade (a) stay out of a dispute

2. anomaly (b) improve

3. recede (c) questionable

4. intervene (d) the norm

5. indisputable (e) come forward

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. A huge (anomaly / gap) between the wealthy and the working class often leads to social unrest.
2. The new computers enable us to (intervene / retrieve) information more quickly.
   1. Although she wasn’t qualified for the job, she (indisputably / intuitively) felt that she should apply.
   2. When he joined the military, he did not expect the officers to (degrade / recede) him.
   3. The art in the foyer was an important (acquisition / consciousness) for the museum.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the question that follows.

Like other functions of the human mind, perception and memory are imperfect. When we tell a story about something that we witnessed, we may intuitively believe that our recollection is accurate. However, several factors bias our memories of events.To study this anomaly, let us look at the three steps of memory creation: acquisition of memory, storing of memory, and retrieval. At every stage of memory formation, distortion can occur. At the first stage, acquisition of memory, events are perceived and bits of information are prepared for storage in the brain. However, it is impossible for us to remember every single thing we observe. Through processes that are both conscious and unconscious, people determine which details they will focus on.

In its second stage, storage, memories can become further distorted. Over time, our memories degrade, as we forget portions of events. To compensate, we may even creatively fill in the gap created by the recession of long-term memory. Additionally, an individual’s memory can be altered during the storage stage by intervening occurrences, which can be subconsciously combined with previously stored

memories. Last but not least, we search our memory to locate information. During recall, emotion also seems to play a part in memory distortion. In sum, our memories may not be the indisputable source of information that we would like them to be.

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. In each blank, write the letter of one of your choices.

Memory provides an imperfect record of events.

•

•

•

1. People purposefully present a slanted version of events.
2. Memories can be altered at any point in memory creation.
3. People naturally cannot recall everything they observe.
4. Memories are an indisputable source of fact.
5. Time and emotion contribute to memory degradation.
6. Past occurrences often displace current memories.

Lesson 9 Memory

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. e 4. a 5. c

TOEFL Prep II 1. gap 2. retrieve 3. intuitively 4. degrade

1. acquisition

TOEFL Success b, c, e

LESSON

 10

Spirituality

Target Words

1. agnostic 6. deify
2. animism 7. ecclesiastical
3. atheist 8. exalt
4. be inclined to 9. pious
5. contemplate 10. sacrifice

Definitions and Samples

1. agnostic adj. Believing that humans cannot know whether there is a god

His devoutly Christian parents had problems with his agnostic beliefs.

Parts of speech agnostic n, agnosticism n

1. animism n. The belief that natural objects, such as trees, have souls

Desert cultures that practice animism often believe that winds con- tain spirits.

Parts of speech animistic adj

1. atheist n. One who does not believe in the existence of a supreme being

He argued that his scientific training made it impossible for him to be anything but an atheist.

Parts of speech atheistic adj

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1. be inclined to v. To favor an opinion or a course of action

He couldn’t say which candidate he favored, but he had always

been inclined to vote Republican.

Parts of speech incline n, inclination n

1. contemplate v. To consider thoughtfully

If you contemplate each step for so long, we will never complete this project on time.

Parts of speech contemplation n, contemplative adj

1. deify v. To worship as a god

When people deify the leader of their country, the leader is able to abuse power more easily.

Parts of speech deity n

1. ecclesiastical adj. Relating to a church

He was looking specifically for a university where he could study

ecclesiastical history.

Parts of speech ecclesiastic n, ecclesiastically adv

1. exalt v. To praise or honor

He would often exalt the virtues of his new wife.

Parts of speech exaltation n

1. pious adj. Having or exhibiting religious reverence

Sometimes she was so pious that the rest of us felt like heathens.

Parts of speech piousness n, piety n, piously adv

1. sacrifice v. Anything offered to a deity as a religious thanksgiving; giving up something in order to have something more valuable

later on

Every harvest time, the Fadeloni people sacrificed vegetables to their gods as a show of thanks.

In order to succeed in his career, he had to sacrifice his private life and his leisure time.

Parts of speech sacrifice n, sacrificial adj, sacrificially adv

TOEFL Prep I Complete each sentence by filling in the blank with the best word or phrase from the list. Change the form of the word if necessary. Use each word or phrase only once.

be inclined to contemplate deify exalted sacrifice

1. Traditionally, the Camerian society its leaders, consider- ing them to be sent from the land of the gods.

1. To do well in his university courses, he had to a lot of his personal time.

1. The generation of American leaders known as “the Founders” are

by many scholars for their wisdom and courage.

1. She knew she would always agree with what her mother said, so she struggled to remain unbiased.

1. The human resources department whether they should let Mary go.

TOEFL Prep II Circle the likely meaning of the word part that is shared within each set of words.

1. animism, animal, animation The root anima probably means
   1. color
   2. death
   3. many
   4. life

1. atheistic, amoral, apathetic The prefix a probably means
2. not
3. loving
4. excessive
5. surely

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

In Russia, several religions coexist, including Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and animism. The most common religion is Christianity, and most Christians are members of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Church has existed for over 1,000 years, surviving even the official atheism of the Soviet era and the agnosticism that may have been even more prominent at the time. During the communist years, many Russians who practiced Orthodoxy sacrificed career and educational opportunities. The tenacity of Russian Orthodoxy may explain why even nonreligious Russians are inclined to call themselves Russian Orthodox. That same staying power drives the Church today, which is run by Aleksey II of Moscow. Born Aleksey Mikhailovich Ridiger, the future patriarch was from a very pious family. As a boy, Aleksey was often taken by his parents on their annual pilgrimages, when he most certainly began contemplation of

the religious way of life he was to choose. As patriarch, Aleksey is exalted in the Church governance, but he is not deified. Aleksey has published articles on Church history and peacemaking in both the ecclesiastical and secular press, broadening the Church’s image both in Russia and abroad.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?
2. The Russian Orthodox Church was banned under Soviet control.
3. Few Russians believe in a god.
4. Aleksey II has updated the church’s image.
   1. The Russian Orthodox Church has a long history of strong mem- bership in Russia.

1. According to the passage, Aleksey II of Moscow is
   1. a god
   2. a high church official
   3. a secular leader
   4. an atheist

Lesson 10 Spirituality

TOEFL Prep I 1. deifies 2. sacrifice 3. exalted 4. be inclined to 5. contemplated

TOEFL Prep II 1. d 2. a

TOEFL Success 1. d 2. b

LESSON

 11

Illness

Target Words

1. aggravate 6. persist
2. decrepit 7. prognosis
3. disease 8. terminal
4. fatally 9. vein
5. forensics 10. wound

Definitions and Samples

Parts of speech aggravation n

1. aggravate v. To make worse; to anger or intensify Running will aggravate your sore knees.
2. decrepit adj. Weakened or worn out because of age, illness, or exces- sive use

The once-beautiful building was now dirty, decrepit, and roofless.

1. disease n. An unhealthful condition caused by an infection or a long- term physical problem

Thanks to developments in medicine, many once-fatal diseases can now be cured.

1. fatally adv. Causing death or disaster

The soldier was fatally wounded in the battle.

Parts of speech fatality n, fatal adj

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1. forensics n. The use of science and technology to investigate facts in criminal cases

Advances in the study of forensics have made it much easier to identify criminals from very small traces of evidence.

Parts of speech forensic adj

1. persist v. To continue to exist; to hold to a purpose, despite any obstacle

If your symptoms persist, you should go see a doctor. Lola persisted in her efforts to become a lawyer.

Parts of speech persistence n, persistent adj

1. prognosis n. An educated guess of how something will develop, es- pecially a disease

The room fell silent when the doctor gave Senator Grebe a grim

prognosis of months of treatment.

1. terminal adj. Located at an end; approaching death

The cancer ward at the hospital held both terminal and recovering patients.

Parts of speech terminate v, terminally adv

1. vein n. Any of the tubes that form a branching system, especially those that carry blood to the heart

She became fascinated with human anatomy, especially when she learned how veins transport oxygen.

1. wound v. To inflict an injury on

Sometimes he didn’t realize his sharp humor could wound as well as entertain.

Parts of speech wound n

TOEFL Prep I Choose the word from the list that is closest in mean- ing to the underlined part of each sentence. Write it in the blank.

disease fatal persist prognosis wound

54 Mind and Body

1. He sustained a serious injury in the war, so he was sent home immediately.

2. Her sickness was so rare, doctors weren’t certain how to treat it.

3. His motto was to keep trying , no matter what hap- pened.

4. The medical staff could not know for sure whether the treatment would work, but they made a confident

prediction that the patient would recover.

5. The airplane crash was tragic, killing many people im- mediately and inflicting injuries on others that would

eventually prove deadly .

TOEFL Prep II Next to each definition, write the word that most closely fits it.

aggravate decrepit forensics terminal vein

1. the science involved in solving crimes

2. a vessel for carrying blood

3. to make worse

4. unable to be cured

5. in very bad condition

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

The man was decrepit. With high blood pressure, cancer, and liver disease, he aggravated his situation by smoking. His prognosis was death. His advanced lung cancer was terminal, and his family members knew that he would pass away soon. So no one was surprised to find him dead on that sharp winter Thursday, no one, that is, except one sharp-eyed detective,

who noticed the bedroom window ajar on the morning of the old man’s death. Would a fatally ill person be likely to sleep with the window open on a freezing cold night?

This question occupied forensic specialists from the medical exam- iner’s office.There, an autopsy revealed an unlikely wound on the victim’s thigh. Such a wound could easily have been inflicted by someone administering medicine . . . or poison. From there, the poison could travel through the veins, shutting down vital organs and causing death within seconds.

Indeed, the death turned out to be murder in the first degree. Criminal investigators persisted in their questioning of friends and family, only later finding the motive: money. Two distant relatives who stood to inherit large sums from the old man’s estate plotted the death, believing that the old man’s death would not be questioned.

1. Why does the author mention a wound ?
   1. The wound caused the death.
   2. It was evidence of a struggle.
   3. It was suspicious.
   4. It was predictable, considering the man’s disease.
   5. In the passage, the word inherit is closest in meaning to
      1. lose
      2. gain
      3. earn
      4. want

Lesson 11 Illness

TOEFL Prep I 1. wound 2. disease 3. persist 4. prognosis

5. fatal

TOEFL Prep II 1. forensics 2. vein 3. aggravate 4. terminal

1. decrepit

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. b

LESSON

 12

Surgery

Target Words

1. anesthesia 6. implant
2. augment 7. inject
3. certifiably 8. obese
4. complication 9. procedure
5. cure 10. scar

Definitions and Samples

1. anesthesia n. Techniques for reducing sensation and feeling, especially to control pain

The Civil War was the first American war when anesthesia was widely used in surgery on soldiers.

Usage tips Anesthesia and anesthetic are often used interchangeably.

Parts of speech anesthetic n, adj

1. augment v. To make bigger or better by adding to

In some types of popular cosmetic surgery people augment parts of their bodies.

The college augmented its course offerings because students com- plained that there were too few choices.

Parts of speech augmentation n

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1. certifiably adv. In a manner that is officially recognized

He couldn’t be institutionalized until he was declared certifiably

insane.

Parts of speech certify v, certification n, certificate n, certifiable adj

1. complication n. A factor that makes something more difficult or complex

The surgeons could not easily stop the bleeding because of

complications related to the patient’s diabetes.

Parts of speech complicate v

1. cure v. To restore to health

They say laughter can help cure many illnesses.

Parts of speech cure n

1. implant v. To set in firmly; to insert in the body surgically The actress had cheek implants to make her face look fuller.

Parts of speech implantation n

1. inject v. To insert a liquid by means of a syringe

The doctor used a needle to inject the medicine slowly into her arm.

Parts of speech injection n

1. obese adj. Excessively overweight

More Americans are obese now because U.S. culture encourages overeating and discourages exercise.

Parts of speech obesity n

1. procedure n. A specific way of performing or doing something The flight attendant explained the emergency evacuation

procedure.

Parts of speech proceed v, procedural adj

58 Mind and Body

1. scar n. A mark on the skin left after a wound has healed; a lasting sign of damage, either mental or physical

The surgery was successful, but it left a large scar across her abdomen.

Parts of speech scar v

TOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word or phrase that has the most similar meaning. Write the letter of your choice on the line.

scar (a) bandage	(b) mark	(c) shine	(d) cover
augment (a) take away	(b) discuss	(c) use	(d) add to

1. complication

(a) added difficulty (b) improved performance

(c) method of training (d) prediction about results

obese (a) attractive	(b) healthy	(c) very overweight	(d) high
cure (a) heal	(b) study	(c) diagnose	(d) tie up

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The (procedure / scar) to prepare for the surgery took four hours.
   1. Only seriously (certifiable / obese) people should get their stomachs surgically reduced.
   2. He almost died during the operation because the doctors did not give him the right kind of (anesthesia / complication).
   3. Doctors are now able to (cure / implant) many types of sickness that were usually fatal in the past.
      1. Before (augmenting / injecting) a painkiller, the dentist rubbed cloves on the woman’s gums to numb them.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Since 1992, the number of cosmetic surgery procedures has risen 175 percent in the United States.Two of the most popular are liposuction and breast augmentation. In liposuction, the doctor inserts a small tube into the skin that sucks fat from the body. And while it may sound

easy, it isn’t. Liposuction is so painful that people are often given anesthesia. What’s more, liposuction is not really a cure for obesity. Rather, it should be used when diet and exercise do not reduce fat in certain “trouble spots.” Another common cosmetic procedure is breast aug-

mentation. In this procedure, an implant is inserted through the armpit, making the breasts appear larger. Breast augmentation usually leaves only a small scar. Some common complications include the effects of anesthesia, infection, swelling, redness, bleeding, and pain. To reduce these risks, consumers are advised to be sure that their surgeon is board -certified.

1. Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this passage?
   1. Cosmetic surgery is dangerous.
   2. Many people do not have cosmetic surgery because of the pain.
   3. Cosmetic surgery is increasing in popularity in the United States.
   4. Breast reduction is almost as popular as breast augmentation.
   5. In the underlined sentence, trouble spots refers to
      1. places where people are commonly overweight
      2. methods of exercise that aren’t effective
      3. parts of the body where liposuction doesn’t work
      4. specific areas on the body where fat is hard to minimize

Lesson 12 Surgery

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. c 5. a

TOEFL Prep II 1. procedure 2. obese 3. anesthesia 4. cure

1. injecting

TOEFL Success 1. c 2. d

LESSON

 13

Ghosts

Target Words

1. astrological 6. invoke
2. divination 7. meditate
3. haunt 8. phantom
4. horror 9. psychic
5. intermediary 10. self-perpetuating

Definitions and Samples

1. astrological adj. Related to the study of the position of stars, the sun, and the planets in the belief that they influence earthly events

Every day, Mona read her astrological forecast in the newspaper, and she was careful if the horoscope predicted trouble.

Parts of speech astrology n, astrologer n, astrologically adv

1. divination n. Foretelling the future by finding patterns in physical objects

In Turkey, women offer divinations by reading the dregs from a cof- fee cup.

Parts of speech divine v

1. haunt v. To continually appear (in the form of a ghost) in the same place or to the same person

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Some say the ghost of Princess Hilda haunts this castle, appearing as a headless form while she plays the piano.

The pictures of children dying in war have haunted me for a long time.

1. horror n. Strong fear mixed with disgust

On Halloween night, all the horror movies were rented out.

Parts of speech horrify v, horrific adj

1. intermediary n. Acting as an agent between people or things

The plaintiff’s lawyer suggested that they hire an intermediary to help them discuss their case.

Usage tips Intermediary comes from the Latin words meaning “between the ways.”

1. invoke v. To call on for support

In many religions, believers invoke their god by holding out their hands.

Parts of speech invocation n

1. meditate v. To reflect; to think quietly and deeply for a long time

Every morning, the monks meditated for three hours in complete silence.

Parts of speech meditation n

1. phantom n. A dimly visible form, usually thought to be the spirit of a dead person, a sunken ship, etc.

Many visitors reported seeing a phantom who appeared around the lake.

Usage tips Phantom originates in a word meaning “dream”; like a dream, a phantom leaves an observer wondering whether it’s real or not.

1. psychic adj. Relating to the supposed ability of the human mind to sense things that cannot be observed

The governor’s assistant claimed to have unique psychic abilities enabling him to read people’s minds.

Parts of speech psychic n, psychically adv

1. self-perpetuating adj. Having the power to renew oneself for an in- definite period of time

It is difficult to escape from a lie, as they are often self-perpetuating.

Parts of speech self-perpetuation n

TOEFL Prep I For each word, choose the word or phrase that has the most similar meaning. Write the letter of your choice on the line.

1. divination
(a) demand	(b) prediction	(c) problem	(d) route

1. haunt

(a) dry out (b) fail to show up

(c) continue to disturb (d) search desperately

meditate (a) clarify	(b) expose	(c) purge	(d) think
invoke (a) call	(b) cry	(c) inspire	(d) reject
psychic (a) empty	(b) mental	(c) powerful	(d) vague

TOEFL Prep II Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

1. The leaders of the religious group are said to have (astrological / psychic) powers that allow them to move objects just by the power of their thoughts.

1. For years after the earthquake, she was disturbed by the (haunting / self-perpetuating) memories of destruction.
2. The boys told their new friend that they had seen (intermediaries / phantoms) in the cemetery at night.
3. During the scuffle, the citizens were prepared to (invoke / meditate) the right of citizen’s arrest because no police officers were present.
4. Her (divination / horror) of the results of their meeting impressed even the nonbelievers.

TOEFL Success Read the passage to review the vocabulary you have learned. Answer the questions that follow.

Some say that sailors are a superstitious group. Long nights of watching stars predispose them to a belief in astrology. Long periods of isolation lead them to believe in psychic phenomena that others would laugh at. This may explain sailors’ frequent reports of seeing phantom ships. From the Gulf of Mexico, across the Atlantic, and to the South China Sea, sailors often claim that such vessels haunt the seas. One of the most famous stories of ghost ships is the Flying Dutchman, which sailed in 1680 from Amsterdam to Dutch East India under Hendrick Vanderdecken.When the captain ignored the danger warnings of a storm, his ship was smashed and the crew was lost. According to legend, his arrogance invoked the wrath of God, who condemned the lost crew- members to battle the waters off the Cape of Good Hope for eternity. Since then, there have been repeated sightings of the Flying Dutchman, one as recent as 1939. Many sightings of phantom ships occur in areas where vessels are known to have sunk. Sailors can never divine when or where they will next encounter a phantom ship. Rather, most of their sightings occur randomly, only later to bring forth information of a former sea horror. Some say that ghosts aboard a phantom ship are trying to use living sailors as their intermediaries. Still others think that the existence of phantom ships is merely a self-perpetuating myth for bored sailors who are prone to too much idle meditation about the meaning of life and death on the high seas.

1. How would the author explain phantom ships?
2. Their appearance is tied to the stars.
3. Sailors at sea have little to do.
4. Fog and high waves can distort one’s vision.
5. Shipwreck remains haunt oceans around the world.
   1. 2. Why does the author mention the Flying Dutchman?
   2. as the basis of primitive navigation systems
   3. as an example of a commonly sighted phantom ship
   4. as the reason why many sailors have mental problems
   5. as an explanation for sightings of phantom ships

Lesson 13 Ghosts

TOEFL Prep I 1. b 2. c 3. d 4. a 5. b

TOEFL Prep II 1. psychic 2. haunting 3. phantoms 4. invoke

1. divination

TOEFL Success 1. b 2. b

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